H3P PROJECT - Modular Peak Power Plant
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    • Project Introduction >
      • Background
      • Concept & Definition
      • Individual components
    • Theory >
      • Electrochemistry
      • System Losses
      • Assumptions & Symbols
    • Fuel Cell Measurements
  • Model
    • Approach
    • Parameters Definition
    • MATLAB Model
  • Results & Conclusions
    • H3P - Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
  • Additional Information
    • Further Developments
    • Other Considerations
    • Alternative Applications
    • Acknowledgments
    • Bibliography
  • Team
  • Home
  • Context
  • Project
    • Project Introduction >
      • Background
      • Concept & Definition
      • Individual components
    • Theory >
      • Electrochemistry
      • System Losses
      • Assumptions & Symbols
    • Fuel Cell Measurements
  • Model
    • Approach
    • Parameters Definition
    • MATLAB Model
  • Results & Conclusions
    • H3P - Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
  • Additional Information
    • Further Developments
    • Other Considerations
    • Alternative Applications
    • Acknowledgments
    • Bibliography
  • Team

Context

Policy Background

        The background to this project is energy policy within the United Kingdom. However, this project may also be applicable in other countries with similar demands on their electricity systems. 

        The UK energy system faces competing demands:
                                -     balancing security of supply
                                -     environmental considerations
                                -     and the need to find the most cost-effective approach to achieve these aims. [1]

        To address these issues, the United Kingdom Government brought about the policy measure: the Electricity Market Reform (EMR) [2]. Here are some informative links about this measure.
  • National Grid: Electricity Market Reform - 1
  • National Grid: Electricity Market Reform - 2

       There are two main parts to this policy:
        1 - Contracts for difference (CfD)

        Offers financial incentives
to generators of low-carbon electricity
(renewables and nuclear plant) [3].

More information here
2 - Capacity Market (CM)

Offers financial incentives
to Peak Power Plant,
as an aid to ensuring security of supply [4].

More information here
       The part of this policy of interest to the current project, is the latter, the Capacity Market.Cliquer ici pour modifier.

The Capacity Market

        The UK Government Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) [5], states:
“Capacity Market will ensure security of electricity supply
by providing a payment for reliable sources of capacity.”
        DECC elaborates:
“Part of the government’s Electricity Market Reform package, the Capacity Market will ensure security of electricity supply by providing a payment for reliable sources of capacity, alongside their electricity revenues, to ensure they deliver energy when needed. This will encourage the investment we need to replace older power stations and provide backup for more intermittent and inflexible low carbon generation sources.” [4]
Picture

The need for Peak Power Plant

        Demand for electricity is not constant, in fact, it varies during the day and from day to day. An example of a demand profile for part of December 2015 (first 12 days) is shown below.
Picture

        One mechanism the UK grid has to ensure demand is met all times, including at times of a sudden increase in demand, is to call on additional sources of generation. This is not new. Additional generation which can respond very quickly (within a few minutes), and may only be needed for a short period of time, such as a few minutes to a couple of hours, is known as peak power plant. 

        The CM is a measure to ensure peak power plants will be available when needed [6]: peak power plants are paid for being on stand-by, ready to generate.  Peak power plants receive additional income when called on to generate and sell electricity.  [4]

        The penetration of renewable energy into the UK generation mix has increased in recent years [7] partly as a result of the Contracts for Difference part of the EMR (see above), which gives financial incentives for such generation to be built [3]. This trend is expected to continue. As much of the UK’s renewable and low carbon generation is inflexible and intermittent, the need for peak power plants, and storage in general, is expected to increase [1].

[1]            House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee. (2015). The Resilience of the UK Electricity System. Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldsctech/121/12104.htm#a8
[2]            DECC. (2011). Planning our electric future: a white paper for secure, affordable and low-carbon energy. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/planning-our-electric-future-a-white-paper-for-secure-affordable-and-low-carbon-energyAvailable: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48129/2176-emr-white-paper.pdf
[3]            DECC. (2015). Electricity Market Reform: Contracts for Difference. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/electricity-market-reform-contracts-for-difference
[4]            DECC. (First published 2014.  Last updated 2016.). Electricity Market Reform: Capacity Market. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/electricity-market-reform-capacity-market
[5]            DECC. Department of Energy and Climate Change. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change
[6]            DECC. (2016). Securing the UK's electricity supply. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/securing-the-uks-electricity-supply
[7]            DECCC / DUKES. (2015). Digest of UK Energy Statisitics 2014/2015.  Chapter 6: Renewable sources of energy. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/450298/DUKES_2015_Chapter_6.pdf

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