The UK National grid is play an important role in power generation to transmission the electric power to household and city. The EVs growth rate has been related with the demand consumption in electric generation of UK and making the peak demand of the gird which effect to the grid carbon content [1] [6].

Demand Consumption Profile

The total average demand profile was calculated over the course of the year. This demand was once again averaged out to determine a daily demand profile which was then plotted on two graphs representing the Summer and Winter months. From the graphs we were able to determine that the Winter months required a much higher range of demands, ranging from 140000 MW to its peak at 225000 MW. Whereas, the summer months have a lower demand profile ranging from 120000 MW to its peak at 160000 MW. It is therefore evident that the most suitable time for Carbon conscious electric vehicle charging is during the Summer months.

The demand profile has been split into several subsections to determine the how the average demand each energy source produces each day over the course of the year

Grid Supply Profile

The UK national grid is generation an electric power by Fossil fuel, Nuclear, CCGT, and Renewable energy. The bar chart shows the majority of CCGT generation which is 42% come up with Renewable energy which is wind 18%, Solar 14%, hydro 2%, and biomass 9%. Renewable power is showing strong growth, while fossil fuel generator use in general and coal use in particular is shrinking, with coal generators now mainly being run in winter due to pollution and costs [2] [6].

Grid Supply Profile

Grid Power Generation

The energy demand produced from coal power is significantly higher in the Winter months compared to the Summer months. During the Winter, there is a sharp increase in energy demand in the afternoon until it reaches its peak of 16000 MW at 6pm before steadily falling off. Whereas, the Summer months have a considerably lower demand which ranges between 1500-2000 MW throughout the course of the day, with its peak at 5pm reaching 3000 MW.

However, for nuclear power there is a significantly high energy demand early in the morning with its peak of 41500 MW at 12am and slowly begins to fall to 38000 MW at 11pm. During the Summer months the energy demand is at its lowest in the morning at 28000 MW and gradually increases to its peak of 29250 MW at 10pm. It is evident that the demand for nuclear power is much greater in the Winter months that the Summer months

The use of an open cycle gas turbine only contributes a small amount of energy demand to the grid. It does however provide significantly more demand to the grid during the Winter months when compared to the Summer months. During the Winter months the demand is only required for 3 hours of the day between 4:30pm and 7:30pm. OCGT power reaches its peak of 600 MW at 5pm and it continues at that demand level until its decrease at 7:30pm to 350 MW. The Summer months require a very small amount of demand dotted throughout the course of the day. However, the majority of the demand is produced during the late afternoon into early evening with its peak reaching 15 MW at 8:00pm.

Combined cycle gas turbines produce a substantial amount of energy demand for the grid. During the Winter months the demand is at its lowest early in the morning and gradually begins to increase to its peak at 110000 MW at 6pm where it then begins to decrease. At its lowest CCGT power still produces 30000 MW of energy. During the Summer months the lowest energy demand is similar to the Winter months with the demand being just short of 30000 MW early in the morning. There demand increases throughout the course of the day until it reaches its peak of 75000 MW at 9pm. However, there is a small drop in demand around midday. This is still a large sum of energy being produce by an energy source which is not 100% clean.

During the Winter months pumped power produces an average energy demand of 1000-2000 MW of energy throughout the course the day. However, there is a sharp spike in demand at 5pm when the demand reaches 7000 MW before gradually returning to the average demand. This sharp peak in demand could be the result of the population returning home from work and turning on lights and other electrical supplies. Throughout the Summer months an energy from pumped power is only produced in the morning and early in the evening. However, the greatest peak of demand happens in the morning at 9am and reaches a demand of 5500 MW.

Renewable Energy Power Generation

Wind power is one of the most abundant sources of energy the UK has to offer and therefore results in a large portion of the UK energy demand. In the Winter months the demand begins at its peak of 55000 MW at 12 am before steadily decreasing to its lowest demand throughout the course of the year of 25000 MW. However, the demand during the summer months are maintained between 40000-55000 MW.

Hydro power is used continuously throughout the course of the year. It gradually increases from its lowest point of generation at 3am, where the demand is 2000 MW until it reaches 6000 MW at 5pm where it gradually begins to decrease. Whereas, during the Summer months the demand increases and decreases throughout the course of the day. Demand is at its peak when it reaches 4500 MW at 6pm and then sharply decreases to its lowest demand of 1250 MW at 11pm.

Base Model Specification

EVs Transition

Result Discussion

Comparing all of the emission data from the previous series of charging models, we can display the percentage reduction in emissions as shown in the following diagram. This displays the time constrained charging having the least impact on emissions, with ideal having the most significant, as expected and the working day having lesser impact.

The results for the Scottish emissions reductions percentages are highly sensitive to change, due to the very low emissions already present in Scotland (~20kg annually associated with charging), therefore the large apparent percentage decrease in emissions is somewhat of a false positive

This displays the percentage increase in peak demand which has a significant impact on the peak.

This displays the energy mix. Here we means that shifting peak demand results in large impacts on grid demand, which in the real world would increase grid carbon, which is a limitation of the model.

Carbon Constraint

Validation & Verification

This site was designed with the

.com

website builder. Create your website today.Start Now