Conclusions
The model successfully displayed how EV demand can be shifted to achieve goals such as minimising morning peak demand from EV charging, or shifting to times of low carbon generation. This, however, came with the trade-off of shifting a more extreme peak in EV demand to another time of the day. The model could be improved in future by creating a more sophisticated model for carbon emissions, in which it would estimate the change in grid intensity due to shifting of EV load.
Recommendation
I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. It’s easy. Just click “Edit Text” or double click me to add your own content and make changes to the font. Feel free to drag and drop me anywhere you like on your page. I’m a great place for you to tell a story and let your users know a little more about you.
This is a great space to write long text about your company and your services. You can use this space to go into a little more detail about your company. Talk about your team and what services you provide. Tell your visitors the story of how you came up with the idea for your business and what makes you different from your competitors. Make your company stand out and show your visitors who you are.
Future Work
Through our project we have identified how Electric Vehicles Charging Technology could impact on carbon concious in the UK. By considering the given time frame, we were unable to complete all of Scenario in EV Charging Technology that we are like to do. Therefore, there is a lot of opportunity to study further about this project. Some of the EV technology which can be reduced the carbon content that we are identified is given as future work here.
Lithium Battery Recycling
There are only two existing companies that have the capability to recycle the large lithium ion batteries required for EVs which are Retriev Technologies and Umicore Company. There are three different approaches to the recycling: Hydrometallurgy, Pyrometallurgy, Direct physical recycling.
It is expected that recycling can reduce battery manufacturing. There is sparse data on how industry is currently recycling batteries or intends to do so in the future, but there is potential for recycling to reduce CO2 emissions and increase resource utilization (Qual Company, 2020).
V2G Technology
In our project, V2G is future work but it would play an important role with EVs as flexible loads on the grid currently struggling to make the tool work for finding minimum carbon values/charging times so V2G isn't going to happen. In the future, This study should focus on electricity demand/supply and financial analysis of the new energy market and EV charging strategy.
Non-Plug in Charging Technology
There are the charging technology that can be reduced the CO2 emission directly; Wireless electric vehicle charging and Dynamic electric vehicle charging.
1.Wireless electric vehicle charging using resonant magnetic induction is used to wireless charge the vehicle from a pad on the ground to a pad at the bottom of the car.
2.Dynamic electric vehicle charging provides the ability to charge the car while driving. Current research technology is able to charge two vehicles on track at same time and can charge vehicles in both directions, and in reverse. An issue this technology faces is the square law as it is less effective the further it is.
Therefore, the wireless charging system consumes 0.3% less energy and emits 0.5% less greenhouse gases than plug-in charging system in the total life cycle (Zicheng Bi, 2015).
Smart Grid
The Smart Grid enabled distribution would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 25% (The U.S. Department of Energy, 2009). Smart Grid enables grid operators to see further into the system and allows them the flexibility to better manage the intermittency of renewables. This in turn surmounts a significant barrier, enabling wind and solar to be deployed rapidly – and in larger percentages.
The development of a carbon conscious EV charging ( for Future Improvement )
There are some of opportunities for future study in the development of a carbon conscious EV charging station which is not only using the time constraint scenario and carbon constraint scenario but also the requirement of investigating in the risk management, financial analysis and economic analysis in this scenario.
The more detailed charging strategy can be explored in conjunction with the financial analysis to determine the most cost-effective charging scenario.
References
[1]. The U.S. Department of Energy, HOW THE SMART GRID PROMOTES A GREENER FUTURE [online].
Availablefrom: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/DocumentsandMedia/Environmentalgroups.pd [Accessed 18 Apr 2020]
[2]. Zicheng, B., (2015). Plug-in vs. wireless charging: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system, 146, pp 11-19 [online].
Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261915002081 [Accessed 18 Apr 2020]
[3].Qual Company, Wireless Solutions [online].
Available from: https://www.qualcomm.com/products/automotive [Accessed 18 Apr 2020]
