:::DSM-Embedded Generation:::Group

Our methodology shows that there are clear benefits by practising DSM and Control. However there are some barriers to overcome in the control of the demand. If there is more research into this area we believe that there is significant potential to make more efficient use of the available supply.

However we found that there were some barriers to implementation of DSM and control. These were:

Collecting data from these sites was difficult leading to many assumptions being built into our models.

Current implementation costs may make it uneconomical to invest in DSM and control schemes.

There may be reluctance by the consumers to join these types of schemes and loose control of appliances within the home.

If DSM and control schemes were to operate they will have the most success on smaller sites which are the responsibility of one authority.

The figures in our analysis of this case study use an annual estimation of energy consumption. For this estimation we have assumed a 30 week winter period and a 22 week summer period.

From the wind turbine's annual electricity production, there are 1960 hours where the supply is greater than the community's demand, resulting in an excess of electricity. This represents 40% of total electricity produced. With the use of DSM and control techniques on the community's wet appliances, 5% of the total annual electricity produced from the turbine can be used locally. This represents an environmental saving of approximately 61 kilo tonnes of CO2 emissions.

If this DSM and control technique was used with a similar tariff to the ScottishPower Comfort Plus system, the savings would represent about 9% of the community's annual bill.

If utility companies offered a DSM scheme it could offer benefits in the form of a reduction in energy consumption in the residential sector and by informing and creating awareness about energy use within the community.

From our analysis of the construction site, we found that there was more likely to be a reduction in energy use if the site was governed by one owner who could set guidelines on energy use. Policies can be created for the employees to follow to so that a measure of energy effiency is achieved. This is likely to cover use of electrical appliances and if sustained will achieve significant results.

Savings can be made if the heaters are maintained at a constant temperature. We found that if the air temperature maintained at a setpoint of 18ºC , it would be possible to reduce the electricity required for heating by 29%. If the thermostats were set to 21ºC , the electricity required would be reduced by 14%.

Energy savings could be made by controlling the heating from a central control point or if this was not feasible tamperproof thermostats can be fitted to the electric heaters.

If the level of lighting is reduced to the optimum of 10 W/m2 throughout the construction village, the electricity consumed by the lighting will decrease by 37%.

Further savings can be achieved by installing occupancy sensors that will reduce the energy requirements for the lighting. The switching arrangements for the lighting should also be reviewed, so that there can be better control over the bulbs.


	Project Conclusion Energy aspects There are fewer transmission losses because the electricity produced from embedded generation is closer to the point of demand. The demand profiles can be manipulated to become more level or loads can be shifted so that the community can take advantage of the renewables' output. This will result in a better match between the available supply and demand. With the higher contribution from the renewables, the energy supplied from the grid network will be reduced. Consequently, the community's dependence on grid electricity can be decreased. Environmental aspects There can be real benefits when DSM is applied to larger networks containing embedded generation . When DSM is applied we can take better advantage of the embedded generation output as shown in our first case study. The reduction in environmental pollutants will contribute towards achieving national targets and those laid out in the Kyoto Protocol. This will help lead towards sustainable development. Economic aspects Avoiding the construction of more power plants and network expansion or upgrade. Consumers will benefit financially from reduced bills through preferential rate tariffs. When number of embedded generation schemes increases, the cost per scheme will reduce as the technology becomes more common. Barriers to be considered Our methodology shows that there are clear benefits by practising DSM and Control. However there are some barriers to overcome in the control of the demand. If there is more research into this area we believe that there is significant potential to make more efficient use of the available supply. However we found that there were some barriers to implementation of DSM and control. These were: Collecting data from these sites was difficult leading to many assumptions being built into our models. Current implementation costs may make it uneconomical to invest in DSM and control schemes. There may be reluctance by the consumers to join these types of schemes and loose control of appliances within the home. If DSM and control schemes were to operate they will have the most success on smaller sites which are the responsibility of one authority. Conclusions Case Study 1 The figures in our analysis of this case study use an annual estimation of energy consumption. For this estimation we have assumed a 30 week winter period and a 22 week summer period. From the wind turbine's annual electricity production, there are 1960 hours where the supply is greater than the community's demand, resulting in an excess of electricity. This represents 40% of total electricity produced. With the use of DSM and control techniques on the community's wet appliances, 5% of the total annual electricity produced from the turbine can be used locally. This represents an environmental saving of approximately 61 kilo tonnes of CO2 emissions. If this DSM and control technique was used with a similar tariff to the ScottishPower Comfort Plus system, the savings would represent about 9% of the community's annual bill. If utility companies offered a DSM scheme it could offer benefits in the form of a reduction in energy consumption in the residential sector and by informing and creating awareness about energy use within the community. Conclusions Case Study 2 From our analysis of the construction site, we found that there was more likely to be a reduction in energy use if the site was governed by one owner who could set guidelines on energy use. Policies can be created for the employees to follow to so that a measure of energy effiency is achieved. This is likely to cover use of electrical appliances and if sustained will achieve significant results. Savings can be made if the heaters are maintained at a constant temperature. We found that if the air temperature maintained at a setpoint of 18ºC , it would be possible to reduce the electricity required for heating by 29%. If the thermostats were set to 21ºC , the electricity required would be reduced by 14%. Energy savings could be made by controlling the heating from a central control point or if this was not feasible tamperproof thermostats can be fitted to the electric heaters. If the level of lighting is reduced to the optimum of 10 W/m2 throughout the construction village, the electricity consumed by the lighting will decrease by 37%. Further savings can be achieved by installing occupancy sensors that will reduce the energy requirements for the lighting. The switching arrangements for the lighting should also be reviewed, so that there can be better control over the bulbs.

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