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| ESP-r Modeling - Summary of results |
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Purpose:
We have used the software ESP-r in order to obtain both the heating load and cooling loads of the dwellings considered in the case-studies.
Case 1: UK climate – Glasgow
Case 2: Southern European climate – Palermo
Model description:
Our basic dwelling is the same simple model using passive house typical insulation components. Technical details are provided in the ESP-r report. The key characteristics are summarized below: | | |
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| Basic model: |
- Floor size of 64 m2, with 2 rooms and a roof space
- The larger room (living room-kitchen) is facing south
- The smaller room (bedroom) is facing north
- Insulation U-values typical of passive house design
- Large size glazing facing south to allow for high passive solar heat gains
- Small size glazing facing in other directions.
- Control:
- Heating set-point = 15°C during the night (0h – 7h) and 19°C for the rest of the day (7h – 24h)
- Cooling set-point is constant during the whole day at 25°C altered to 27°C for the final cases (acceptable comfort level for natural ventilation).
- Maximum capacity for both heating and cooling is 1,000W
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- Basic ventilation with external air for health requirements of 0.3 air changes per hour working at 90% heat recovery (from a heat gain point of view, this was modelled using a flow rate of 0.03 air changes per hour and no heat recovery, as it would provide the same heat gain or loss. The fan’s energy consumption for the flow rate of 0.3 ac/h equivalent to 57.6 m3/h was considered to be 0.015 kWh/h based on company figures. This consumption has been added in our final demand estimation).
- Ventilation between the 2 zones is 8 air changes per hour
- Casual gains (2 people) equal to 876 kWh/year
- Internal gains from electrical appliances are 956,14 kWh/year
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Changes made to the basic model:
- Introduction of natural (night time) ventilation to reduce the cooling load in both Glasgow and Palermo
- Increase of the south-facing glazing size in Glasgow to reduce heating load
- Introduction of shading to reduce the cooling load in Glasgow and Palermo (this was done by reducing effective glazing area by 30% in Glasgow and by 25% and 50% in Palermo).
- Altering Floor construction U-Values in order to reduce heat loss during winter in Glasgow
- Thermal mass increase through thicker walls to maintain low temperatures during summer days in Palermo.
- Simulation of mechanical ventilation using earth to air heat exchange to maintain low temperatures in Palermo.
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